The contribution of cannabis use to the increased psychosis risk among minority ethnic groups in Europe

J P Selten; M Di Forti; D Quattrone; P B Jones; H E Jongsma; C Gayer-Anderson; A Szöke; P M Llorca; C Arango; M Bernardo; J Sanjuan; J L Santos; M Arrojo; I Tarricone; D Berardi; A Lasalvia; S Tosato; C la Cascia; E Velthorst; E M A van der Ven; L de Haan; B P Rutten; J van Os; J B Kirkbride; C M Morgan; R M Murray; F Termorshuizen

doi:10.1017/S0033291724001004

The contribution of cannabis use to the increased psychosis risk among minority ethnic groups in Europe

J P Selten
, M Di Forti
, D Quattrone
, P B Jones
, H E Jongsma
, C Gayer-Anderson
, A Szöke
, P M Llorca
, C Arango
, M Bernardo
, J Sanjuan
, J L Santos
, M Arrojo
, I Tarricone
, D Berardi
, A Lasalvia
, S Tosato
, C la Cascia
, E Velthorst
, E M A van der Ven

L de Haan, B P Rutten, J van Os, J B Kirkbride, C M Morgan, R M Murray, F Termorshuizen

Research output: Contribution to Journal › Article › Academic › peer-review

Abstract

BACKGROUND: We examined whether cannabis use contributes to the increased risk of psychotic disorder for non-western minorities in Europe.

METHODS: We used data from the EU-GEI study (collected at sites in Spain, Italy, France, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands) on 825 first-episode patients and 1026 controls. We estimated the odds ratio (OR) of psychotic disorder for several groups of migrants compared with the local reference population, without and with adjustment for measures of cannabis use.

RESULTS: The OR of psychotic disorder for non-western minorities, adjusted for age, sex, and recruitment area, was 1.80 (95% CI 1.39-2.33). Further adjustment of this OR for frequency of cannabis use had a minimal effect: OR = 1.81 (95% CI 1.38-2.37). The same applied to adjustment for frequency of use of high-potency cannabis. Likewise, adjustments of ORs for most sub-groups of non-western countries had a minimal effect. There were two exceptions. For the Black Caribbean group in London, after adjustment for frequency of use of high-potency cannabis the OR decreased from 2.45 (95% CI 1.25-4.79) to 1.61 (95% CI 0.74-3.51). Similarly, the OR for Surinamese and Dutch Antillean individuals in Amsterdam decreased after adjustment for daily use: from 2.57 (95% CI 1.07-6.15) to 1.67 (95% CI 0.62-4.53).

CONCLUSIONS: The contribution of cannabis use to the excess risk of psychotic disorder for non-western minorities was small. However, some evidence of an effect was found for people of Black Caribbean heritage in London and for those of Surinamese and Dutch Antillean heritage in Amsterdam.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	2937-2946
Number of pages	10
Journal	Psychological Medicine
Volume	54
Issue number	11
Early online date	9 May 2024
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291724001004
Publication status	Published - Aug 2024

Funding

The EU-GEI Project is funded by the European Community s Seventh Framework Programme under grant agreement No. HEALTH-F2-2010-241909 (Project EU-GEI). The funder was not involved in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript and decision to submit the manuscript for publication. Dr Arango was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), co-financed by the European Union, ERDF Funds from the European Commission, A way of making Europe , financed by the European Union - NextGenerationEU (PMP21/00051), PI19/01024. CIBERSAM, Madrid Regional Government (B2017/BMD-3740 AGES-CM-2), European Union Structural Funds, European Union Seventh Framework Program, European Union H2020 Program under the Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking: Project PRISM-2 (Grant agreement No.101034377), Project AIMS-2-TRIALS (Grant agreement No 777394), Horizon Europe, the National Institute of Mental Health of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number 1U01MH124639-01 (Project ProNET) and Award Number 5P50MH115846-03 (project FEP-CAUSAL), Fundación Familia Alonso, and Fundación Alicia Koplowitz. Dr Arango was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), co-financed by the European Union, ERDF Funds from the European Commission, ‘A way of making Europe’, financed by the European Union - NextGenerationEU (PMP21/00051), PI19/01024. CIBERSAM, Madrid Regional Government (B2017/BMD-3740 AGES-CM-2), European Union Structural Funds, European Union Seventh Framework Program, European Union H2020 Program under the Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking: Project PRISM-2 (Grant agreement No.101034377), Project AIMS-2-TRIALS (Grant agreement No 777394), Horizon Europe, the National Institute of Mental Health of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number 1U01MH124639-01 (Project ProNET) and Award Number 5P50MH115846-03 (project FEP-CAUSAL), Fundación Familia Alonso, and Fundación Alicia Koplowitz. The EU-GEI Project is funded by the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme under grant agreement No. HEALTH-F2-2010-241909 (Project EU-GEI). The funder was not involved in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

Funders	Funder number
Fundación Familia Alonso
Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación
Instituto de Salud Carlos III
National Institute of Mental Health
HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme
Fundación Alicia Koplowitz
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental
European Regional Development Fund
Madrid Regional Government	B2017/BMD-3740 AGES-CM-2
National Institutes of Health	5P50MH115846-03, 1U01MH124639-01
National Institutes of Health
Seventh Framework Programme	HEALTH-F2-2010-241909
Seventh Framework Programme
Innovative Medicines Initiative	101034377, AIMS-2-TRIALS, 777394
Innovative Medicines Initiative
European Commission	PI19/01024, PMP21/00051
European Commission

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Selten, J. P., Di Forti, M., Quattrone, D., Jones, P. B., Jongsma, H. E., Gayer-Anderson, C., Szöke, A., Llorca, P. M., Arango, C., Bernardo, M., Sanjuan, J., Santos, J. L., Arrojo, M., Tarricone, I., Berardi, D., Lasalvia, A., Tosato, S., la Cascia, C., Velthorst, E., ... Termorshuizen, F. (2024). The contribution of cannabis use to the increased psychosis risk among minority ethnic groups in Europe. Psychological Medicine, 54(11), 2937-2946. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291724001004

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title = "The contribution of cannabis use to the increased psychosis risk among minority ethnic groups in Europe",

abstract = "BACKGROUND: We examined whether cannabis use contributes to the increased risk of psychotic disorder for non-western minorities in Europe.METHODS: We used data from the EU-GEI study (collected at sites in Spain, Italy, France, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands) on 825 first-episode patients and 1026 controls. We estimated the odds ratio (OR) of psychotic disorder for several groups of migrants compared with the local reference population, without and with adjustment for measures of cannabis use.RESULTS: The OR of psychotic disorder for non-western minorities, adjusted for age, sex, and recruitment area, was 1.80 (95\% CI 1.39-2.33). Further adjustment of this OR for frequency of cannabis use had a minimal effect: OR = 1.81 (95\% CI 1.38-2.37). The same applied to adjustment for frequency of use of high-potency cannabis. Likewise, adjustments of ORs for most sub-groups of non-western countries had a minimal effect. There were two exceptions. For the Black Caribbean group in London, after adjustment for frequency of use of high-potency cannabis the OR decreased from 2.45 (95\% CI 1.25-4.79) to 1.61 (95\% CI 0.74-3.51). Similarly, the OR for Surinamese and Dutch Antillean individuals in Amsterdam decreased after adjustment for daily use: from 2.57 (95\% CI 1.07-6.15) to 1.67 (95\% CI 0.62-4.53).CONCLUSIONS: The contribution of cannabis use to the excess risk of psychotic disorder for non-western minorities was small. However, some evidence of an effect was found for people of Black Caribbean heritage in London and for those of Surinamese and Dutch Antillean heritage in Amsterdam.",

author = "Selten, \{J P\} and \{Di Forti\}, M and D Quattrone and Jones, \{P B\} and Jongsma, \{H E\} and C Gayer-Anderson and A Sz{\"o}ke and Llorca, \{P M\} and C Arango and M Bernardo and J Sanjuan and Santos, \{J L\} and M Arrojo and I Tarricone and D Berardi and A Lasalvia and S Tosato and \{la Cascia\}, C and E Velthorst and \{van der Ven\}, \{E M A\} and \{de Haan\}, L and Rutten, \{B P\} and \{van Os\}, J and Kirkbride, \{J B\} and Morgan, \{C M\} and Murray, \{R M\} and F Termorshuizen",

year = "2024",

month = aug,

doi = "10.1017/S0033291724001004",

language = "English",

volume = "54",

pages = "2937--2946",

journal = "Psychological Medicine",

issn = "0033-2917",

publisher = "Cambridge University Press",

number = "11",

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Selten, JP, Di Forti, M, Quattrone, D, Jones, PB, Jongsma, HE, Gayer-Anderson, C, Szöke, A, Llorca, PM, Arango, C, Bernardo, M, Sanjuan, J, Santos, JL, Arrojo, M, Tarricone, I, Berardi, D, Lasalvia, A, Tosato, S, la Cascia, C, Velthorst, E, van der Ven, EMA, de Haan, L, Rutten, BP, van Os, J, Kirkbride, JB, Morgan, CM, Murray, RM & Termorshuizen, F 2024, 'The contribution of cannabis use to the increased psychosis risk among minority ethnic groups in Europe', Psychological Medicine, vol. 54, no. 11, pp. 2937-2946. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291724001004

TY - JOUR

T1 - The contribution of cannabis use to the increased psychosis risk among minority ethnic groups in Europe

AU - Selten, J P

AU - Di Forti, M

AU - Quattrone, D

AU - Jones, P B

AU - Jongsma, H E

AU - Gayer-Anderson, C

AU - Szöke, A

AU - Llorca, P M

AU - Arango, C

AU - Bernardo, M

AU - Sanjuan, J

AU - Santos, J L

AU - Arrojo, M

AU - Tarricone, I

AU - Berardi, D

AU - Lasalvia, A

AU - Tosato, S

AU - la Cascia, C

AU - Velthorst, E

AU - van der Ven, E M A

AU - de Haan, L

AU - Rutten, B P

AU - van Os, J

AU - Kirkbride, J B

AU - Morgan, C M

AU - Murray, R M

AU - Termorshuizen, F

PY - 2024/8

Y1 - 2024/8

N2 - BACKGROUND: We examined whether cannabis use contributes to the increased risk of psychotic disorder for non-western minorities in Europe.METHODS: We used data from the EU-GEI study (collected at sites in Spain, Italy, France, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands) on 825 first-episode patients and 1026 controls. We estimated the odds ratio (OR) of psychotic disorder for several groups of migrants compared with the local reference population, without and with adjustment for measures of cannabis use.RESULTS: The OR of psychotic disorder for non-western minorities, adjusted for age, sex, and recruitment area, was 1.80 (95% CI 1.39-2.33). Further adjustment of this OR for frequency of cannabis use had a minimal effect: OR = 1.81 (95% CI 1.38-2.37). The same applied to adjustment for frequency of use of high-potency cannabis. Likewise, adjustments of ORs for most sub-groups of non-western countries had a minimal effect. There were two exceptions. For the Black Caribbean group in London, after adjustment for frequency of use of high-potency cannabis the OR decreased from 2.45 (95% CI 1.25-4.79) to 1.61 (95% CI 0.74-3.51). Similarly, the OR for Surinamese and Dutch Antillean individuals in Amsterdam decreased after adjustment for daily use: from 2.57 (95% CI 1.07-6.15) to 1.67 (95% CI 0.62-4.53).CONCLUSIONS: The contribution of cannabis use to the excess risk of psychotic disorder for non-western minorities was small. However, some evidence of an effect was found for people of Black Caribbean heritage in London and for those of Surinamese and Dutch Antillean heritage in Amsterdam.

AB - BACKGROUND: We examined whether cannabis use contributes to the increased risk of psychotic disorder for non-western minorities in Europe.METHODS: We used data from the EU-GEI study (collected at sites in Spain, Italy, France, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands) on 825 first-episode patients and 1026 controls. We estimated the odds ratio (OR) of psychotic disorder for several groups of migrants compared with the local reference population, without and with adjustment for measures of cannabis use.RESULTS: The OR of psychotic disorder for non-western minorities, adjusted for age, sex, and recruitment area, was 1.80 (95% CI 1.39-2.33). Further adjustment of this OR for frequency of cannabis use had a minimal effect: OR = 1.81 (95% CI 1.38-2.37). The same applied to adjustment for frequency of use of high-potency cannabis. Likewise, adjustments of ORs for most sub-groups of non-western countries had a minimal effect. There were two exceptions. For the Black Caribbean group in London, after adjustment for frequency of use of high-potency cannabis the OR decreased from 2.45 (95% CI 1.25-4.79) to 1.61 (95% CI 0.74-3.51). Similarly, the OR for Surinamese and Dutch Antillean individuals in Amsterdam decreased after adjustment for daily use: from 2.57 (95% CI 1.07-6.15) to 1.67 (95% CI 0.62-4.53).CONCLUSIONS: The contribution of cannabis use to the excess risk of psychotic disorder for non-western minorities was small. However, some evidence of an effect was found for people of Black Caribbean heritage in London and for those of Surinamese and Dutch Antillean heritage in Amsterdam.

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DO - 10.1017/S0033291724001004

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JO - Psychological Medicine

JF - Psychological Medicine

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ER -

The contribution of cannabis use to the increased psychosis risk among minority ethnic groups in Europe

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