The synthesis and toxicological evaluation of carbon dots, and their application in oral health

Carbon dots (CDs) are amorphous or nanocrystalline sp2 or sp3 carbon clusters with dimensions smaller than 10 nm. In this thesis, we synthesized CDs from various sources, characterized their properties, and evaluated their toxicity in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, we expanded the applications of CDs to a Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) mouse model (NOD) and explored their distribution in vivo and the potential immunomodulatory mechanism. Furthermore, we investigated the effects of CDs on anti-demineralization on the surfaces of hydroxyapatite to prevent calcium loss.