Toxicity of binary mixtures of Cu, Cr and As to the earthworm Eisenia andrei

Johanna Kilpi-Koski; Olli Pekka Penttinen; Ari O. Väisänen; Cornelis A.M. van Gestel

doi:10.1007/s10646-020-02240-1

Toxicity of binary mixtures of Cu, Cr and As to the earthworm Eisenia andrei

Johanna Kilpi-Koski^*, Olli Pekka Penttinen, Ari O. Väisänen, Cornelis A.M. van Gestel

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to Journal › Article › Academic › peer-review

Abstract

Chromated copper arsenate (CCA) mixtures were used in the past for wood preservation, leading to large scale soil contamination. This study aimed at contributing to the risk assessment of CCA-contaminated soils by assessing the toxicity of binary mixtures of copper, chromium and arsenic to the earthworm Eisenia andrei in OECD artificial soil. Mixture effects were related to reference models of Concentration Addition (CA) and Independent Action (IA) using the MIXTOX model, with effects being related to total and available (H₂O and 0.01 M CaCl₂ extractable) concentrations in the soil. Since only in mixtures with arsenic dose-related mortality occurred (LC₅₀ 92.5 mg/kg dry soil), it was not possible to analyze the mixture effects on earthworm survival with the MIXTOX model. EC₅₀s for effects of Cu, Cr and As on earthworm reproduction, based on total soil concentrations, were 154, 449 and 9.1 mg/kg dry soil, respectively. Effects of mixtures were mainly antagonistic when related to the CA model but additive related to the IA model. This was the case when mixture effects were based on total and H₂O-extractable concentrations; when based on CaCl₂-extractable concentrations effects mainly were additive related to the CA model except for the Cr–As mixture which acted antagonistically. These results suggest that the CCA components do interact leading to a reduced toxicity when present in a mixture.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	900-911
Number of pages	12
Journal	Ecotoxicology
Volume	29
Issue number	7
Early online date	25 Jun 2020
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-020-02240-1
Publication status	Published - 1 Sept 2020

Funding

This study was funded by The Onni and Hilja Tuovinen Foundation, the Maj and Thor Nessling foundation, the Lahti Fund of University of Helsinki and the Lahti Region Development LADEC Ltd. The Onni and Hilja Tuovinen Foundation, the Maj and Thor Nessling foundation, the Lahti Fund of University of Helsinki and the Lahti Region Development LADEC Ltd have funded this project. We thank Rudo Verweij of the Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam for technical assistance and Virve Haili her help in performing the toxicity tests. Open access funding provided by University of Helsinki including Helsinki University Central Hospital.

Funders	Funder number
Hilja Tuovinen Foundation
Lahti fund of University of Helsinki
Lahti Region Development LADEC Ltd
Onni and Hilja Tuovinen Foundation
University of Helsinki including Helsinki University Central Hospital
Maj ja Tor Nesslingin Säätiö

Keywords

Bioavailability
CCA metals
Freundlich sorption isotherms
MIXTOX model
Mixture toxicity

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

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10.1007/s10646-020-02240-1

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title = "Toxicity of binary mixtures of Cu, Cr and As to the earthworm Eisenia andrei",

abstract = "Chromated copper arsenate (CCA) mixtures were used in the past for wood preservation, leading to large scale soil contamination. This study aimed at contributing to the risk assessment of CCA-contaminated soils by assessing the toxicity of binary mixtures of copper, chromium and arsenic to the earthworm Eisenia andrei in OECD artificial soil. Mixture effects were related to reference models of Concentration Addition (CA) and Independent Action (IA) using the MIXTOX model, with effects being related to total and available (H2O and 0.01 M CaCl2 extractable) concentrations in the soil. Since only in mixtures with arsenic dose-related mortality occurred (LC50 92.5 mg/kg dry soil), it was not possible to analyze the mixture effects on earthworm survival with the MIXTOX model. EC50s for effects of Cu, Cr and As on earthworm reproduction, based on total soil concentrations, were 154, 449 and 9.1 mg/kg dry soil, respectively. Effects of mixtures were mainly antagonistic when related to the CA model but additive related to the IA model. This was the case when mixture effects were based on total and H2O-extractable concentrations; when based on CaCl2-extractable concentrations effects mainly were additive related to the CA model except for the Cr–As mixture which acted antagonistically. These results suggest that the CCA components do interact leading to a reduced toxicity when present in a mixture.",

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N2 - Chromated copper arsenate (CCA) mixtures were used in the past for wood preservation, leading to large scale soil contamination. This study aimed at contributing to the risk assessment of CCA-contaminated soils by assessing the toxicity of binary mixtures of copper, chromium and arsenic to the earthworm Eisenia andrei in OECD artificial soil. Mixture effects were related to reference models of Concentration Addition (CA) and Independent Action (IA) using the MIXTOX model, with effects being related to total and available (H2O and 0.01 M CaCl2 extractable) concentrations in the soil. Since only in mixtures with arsenic dose-related mortality occurred (LC50 92.5 mg/kg dry soil), it was not possible to analyze the mixture effects on earthworm survival with the MIXTOX model. EC50s for effects of Cu, Cr and As on earthworm reproduction, based on total soil concentrations, were 154, 449 and 9.1 mg/kg dry soil, respectively. Effects of mixtures were mainly antagonistic when related to the CA model but additive related to the IA model. This was the case when mixture effects were based on total and H2O-extractable concentrations; when based on CaCl2-extractable concentrations effects mainly were additive related to the CA model except for the Cr–As mixture which acted antagonistically. These results suggest that the CCA components do interact leading to a reduced toxicity when present in a mixture.

AB - Chromated copper arsenate (CCA) mixtures were used in the past for wood preservation, leading to large scale soil contamination. This study aimed at contributing to the risk assessment of CCA-contaminated soils by assessing the toxicity of binary mixtures of copper, chromium and arsenic to the earthworm Eisenia andrei in OECD artificial soil. Mixture effects were related to reference models of Concentration Addition (CA) and Independent Action (IA) using the MIXTOX model, with effects being related to total and available (H2O and 0.01 M CaCl2 extractable) concentrations in the soil. Since only in mixtures with arsenic dose-related mortality occurred (LC50 92.5 mg/kg dry soil), it was not possible to analyze the mixture effects on earthworm survival with the MIXTOX model. EC50s for effects of Cu, Cr and As on earthworm reproduction, based on total soil concentrations, were 154, 449 and 9.1 mg/kg dry soil, respectively. Effects of mixtures were mainly antagonistic when related to the CA model but additive related to the IA model. This was the case when mixture effects were based on total and H2O-extractable concentrations; when based on CaCl2-extractable concentrations effects mainly were additive related to the CA model except for the Cr–As mixture which acted antagonistically. These results suggest that the CCA components do interact leading to a reduced toxicity when present in a mixture.

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Toxicity of binary mixtures of Cu, Cr and As to the earthworm Eisenia andrei

Abstract

Funding

Keywords

UN SDGs

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