TY - JOUR
T1 - Toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of lead in the soil invertebrate Enchytraeus crypticus
AU - Zhang, Lulu
AU - Van Gestel, Cornelis A.M.
PY - 2017/6
Y1 - 2017/6
N2 - The aim of the present study was to link Pb toxicokinetics to toxicodynamics in Enchytraeus crypticus. The enchytraeids were exposed for 14 d to different Pb concentrations (uptake phase) in natural Lufa 2.2 soil, followed by a 14-d elimination phase in clean soil. Pb accumulation and enchytraeid mortality were determined at different time intervals. At each exposure concentration, internal Pb concentration increased with exposure time and achieved equilibrium in approximately 7 d. Median lethal concentration (LC50) based on total Pb concentration in soil decreased with exposure time, but did not reach a steady-state level. Pb toxicity, therefore, showed a delay compared to accumulation in E. crypticus. LC50s based on internal Pb concentrations in the surviving animals did reach steady state in approx.14 d, suggesting that linking toxicokinetics to toxicodynamics may reduce the effects of time. This study highlighted that exposure time, as an important factor in metal uptake and toxicity, should be taken into account in ecotoxicological tests for risk assessment.
AB - The aim of the present study was to link Pb toxicokinetics to toxicodynamics in Enchytraeus crypticus. The enchytraeids were exposed for 14 d to different Pb concentrations (uptake phase) in natural Lufa 2.2 soil, followed by a 14-d elimination phase in clean soil. Pb accumulation and enchytraeid mortality were determined at different time intervals. At each exposure concentration, internal Pb concentration increased with exposure time and achieved equilibrium in approximately 7 d. Median lethal concentration (LC50) based on total Pb concentration in soil decreased with exposure time, but did not reach a steady-state level. Pb toxicity, therefore, showed a delay compared to accumulation in E. crypticus. LC50s based on internal Pb concentrations in the surviving animals did reach steady state in approx.14 d, suggesting that linking toxicokinetics to toxicodynamics may reduce the effects of time. This study highlighted that exposure time, as an important factor in metal uptake and toxicity, should be taken into account in ecotoxicological tests for risk assessment.
KW - Enchytraeus crypticus
KW - Lead
KW - Toxicodynamics
KW - Toxicokinetics
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85015445519&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85015445519&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.02.070
DO - 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.02.070
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85015445519
SN - 0269-7491
VL - 225
SP - 534
EP - 541
JO - Environmental Pollution
JF - Environmental Pollution
ER -