Transient nature of the Earth's climate and the implications for the interpretation of benthic δ ¹⁸O records

From the marine benthic δ ¹⁸O records it is known that the Earth's climate has experienced significant variability over the past 40million years. In general, a number of assumptions are often needed to disentangle the benthic δ ¹⁸O data into its temperature and ice-volume contributions. In this study, a transient (1-D ice-sheet) model is used which overcomes these shortcomings by relating temperature to the benthic δ ¹⁸O data, leading to a self-consistent and continuous record of δ ¹⁸O, temperature and sea level. The contribution of land ice to benthic δ ¹⁸O is examined with a set of sensitivity experiments, varying the mean δ ¹⁸O of the ice for different ice sheets. It is shown that the scaling factor of sea-water δ ¹⁸O (δ _w) to sea level is not constant over the long time scales. However, our sensitivity experiments do show that over the long time scale, the general assumed 1.0-1.1‰ per 100m of sea level is in reasonable agreement with our model results. Moreover, the sea-level (ice volume) response to temperature (δS/δT) is shown to vary through time, with the largest response found when variations in Antarctic ice volume dominates the sea-level variations during the Oligocene to Early Miocene. Furthermore, this response is quite large compared to the individual response of ice sheets during the Plio-Pleistocene, whereas the combined δS/δT in this period is comparable to that during the Oligocene. Accordingly, the transient behaviour is very important for the interpretation of data records, with respect to climate sensitivity and climate change during the past 40million years.