Translation, cultural adaptation, and pilot testing of the standardized tool for the assessment of bruxism and the bruxism screener in China

Xutong Song; Siyi Mo; Yaojun Zhang; Yuan Li; Jingwen Liu; Frank Lobbezoo; Daniele Manfredini; Jari Ahlberg; Alessandro Bracci; Jie Lei; Kaiyuan Fu; Xiaoxiang Xu; Ye Cao

doi:10.22514/jofph.2026.020

Translation, cultural adaptation, and pilot testing of the standardized tool for the assessment of bruxism and the bruxism screener in China

Xutong Song
, Siyi Mo
, Yaojun Zhang
, Yuan Li
, Jingwen Liu
, Frank Lobbezoo
, Daniele Manfredini
, Jari Ahlberg
, Alessandro Bracci
, Jie Lei
, Kaiyuan Fu
, Xiaoxiang Xu^*
, Ye Cao^*

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to Journal › Article › Academic › peer-review

Abstract

Background: The newly established Standardized Tool for the Assessment of Bruxism (STAB) and the bruxism screener (BruxScreen) offer thorough, methodical, and readily available instruments for the evaluation and screening of bruxism in clinical settings and research endeavors.

Methods: The Chinese version provided is a translation of the original English text. The Chinese version of the STAB/BruxScreen was developed in accordance with the 12-step guideline for translation and cultural adaptation established by the expert group. The translation team consisted of 13 members: 4 study coordinators, 2 forward translators, 2 rear translators, and 5 expert panelists. Simultaneously, the Chinese iteration of the STAB and BruxScreen underwent pilot testing to assess its comprehensibility and practicality. Pilot testing comprised 60 participants for the STAB (20 patients, 20 dental students, 20 dentists) and 40 independent volunteers for the BruxScreen (20 patients, 10 students, 10 dentists).

Results: The STAB completion time averaged 17.8 minutes for patients (self-report) and 11.4 minutes and 14.3 minutes for dentists and dental students (examination), respectively. The BruxScreen-Q (questionnaire) completion time averaged 1.6 minutes, and the BruxScreen-C (clinical examination) duration averaged 1.8 minutes per patient. High comprehensibility was achieved, with 95.5% of the STAB items and 100% of the BruxScreen items requiring no clarification. All 20 dentists (100%) endorsed both tools as clinically feasible. The test-retest and inter-examiner reliability of the BruxScreen showed excellent agreement (Kappa > 0.8, p < 0.001).

Conclusions: The Chinese versions demonstrate satisfactory preliminary comprehensibility and feasibility; the BruxScreen shows excellent reliability. Comprehensive validation in larger samples is required before these tools can be applied in clinical practice or large-scale screening.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	54-63
Number of pages	10
Journal	Journal of Oral and Facial Pain and Headache
Volume	40
Issue number	2
Early online date	12 Mar 2026
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.22514/jofph.2026.020
Publication status	Published - Mar 2026

Bibliographical note

This article belongs to the Special Issue: New Horizons in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Temporomandibular Disorders: A Biopsychosocial Perspective.

Publisher Copyright:
© 2026 The Author(s).

Keywords

Bruxism
Cross-cultural comparison
Pilot projects
Sleep bruxism

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10.22514/jofph.2026.020

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Cite this

Song, X., Mo, S., Zhang, Y., Li, Y., Liu, J., Lobbezoo, F., Manfredini, D., Ahlberg, J., Bracci, A., Lei, J., Fu, K., Xu, X., & Cao, Y. (2026). Translation, cultural adaptation, and pilot testing of the standardized tool for the assessment of bruxism and the bruxism screener in China. Journal of Oral and Facial Pain and Headache, 40(2), 54-63. https://doi.org/10.22514/jofph.2026.020

@article{760cc00485f64dfe9e099dc8cee624d8,

title = "Translation, cultural adaptation, and pilot testing of the standardized tool for the assessment of bruxism and the bruxism screener in China",

abstract = "Background: The newly established Standardized Tool for the Assessment of Bruxism (STAB) and the bruxism screener (BruxScreen) offer thorough, methodical, and readily available instruments for the evaluation and screening of bruxism in clinical settings and research endeavors.Methods: The Chinese version provided is a translation of the original English text. The Chinese version of the STAB/BruxScreen was developed in accordance with the 12-step guideline for translation and cultural adaptation established by the expert group. The translation team consisted of 13 members: 4 study coordinators, 2 forward translators, 2 rear translators, and 5 expert panelists. Simultaneously, the Chinese iteration of the STAB and BruxScreen underwent pilot testing to assess its comprehensibility and practicality. Pilot testing comprised 60 participants for the STAB (20 patients, 20 dental students, 20 dentists) and 40 independent volunteers for the BruxScreen (20 patients, 10 students, 10 dentists).Results: The STAB completion time averaged 17.8 minutes for patients (self-report) and 11.4 minutes and 14.3 minutes for dentists and dental students (examination), respectively. The BruxScreen-Q (questionnaire) completion time averaged 1.6 minutes, and the BruxScreen-C (clinical examination) duration averaged 1.8 minutes per patient. High comprehensibility was achieved, with 95.5\% of the STAB items and 100\% of the BruxScreen items requiring no clarification. All 20 dentists (100\%) endorsed both tools as clinically feasible. The test-retest and inter-examiner reliability of the BruxScreen showed excellent agreement (Kappa > 0.8, p < 0.001).Conclusions: The Chinese versions demonstrate satisfactory preliminary comprehensibility and feasibility; the BruxScreen shows excellent reliability. Comprehensive validation in larger samples is required before these tools can be applied in clinical practice or large-scale screening.",

keywords = "Bruxism, Cross-cultural comparison, Pilot projects, Sleep bruxism",

author = "Xutong Song and Siyi Mo and Yaojun Zhang and Yuan Li and Jingwen Liu and Frank Lobbezoo and Daniele Manfredini and Jari Ahlberg and Alessandro Bracci and Jie Lei and Kaiyuan Fu and Xiaoxiang Xu and Ye Cao",

note = "This article belongs to the Special Issue: New Horizons in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Temporomandibular Disorders: A Biopsychosocial Perspective. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2026 The Author(s).",

year = "2026",

month = mar,

doi = "10.22514/jofph.2026.020",

language = "English",

volume = "40",

pages = "54--63",

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Song, X, Mo, S, Zhang, Y, Li, Y, Liu, J, Lobbezoo, F, Manfredini, D, Ahlberg, J, Bracci, A, Lei, J, Fu, K, Xu, X & Cao, Y 2026, 'Translation, cultural adaptation, and pilot testing of the standardized tool for the assessment of bruxism and the bruxism screener in China', Journal of Oral and Facial Pain and Headache, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 54-63. https://doi.org/10.22514/jofph.2026.020

TY - JOUR

T1 - Translation, cultural adaptation, and pilot testing of the standardized tool for the assessment of bruxism and the bruxism screener in China

AU - Song, Xutong

AU - Mo, Siyi

AU - Zhang, Yaojun

AU - Li, Yuan

AU - Liu, Jingwen

AU - Lobbezoo, Frank

AU - Manfredini, Daniele

AU - Ahlberg, Jari

AU - Bracci, Alessandro

AU - Lei, Jie

AU - Fu, Kaiyuan

AU - Xu, Xiaoxiang

AU - Cao, Ye

PY - 2026/3

Y1 - 2026/3

N2 - Background: The newly established Standardized Tool for the Assessment of Bruxism (STAB) and the bruxism screener (BruxScreen) offer thorough, methodical, and readily available instruments for the evaluation and screening of bruxism in clinical settings and research endeavors.Methods: The Chinese version provided is a translation of the original English text. The Chinese version of the STAB/BruxScreen was developed in accordance with the 12-step guideline for translation and cultural adaptation established by the expert group. The translation team consisted of 13 members: 4 study coordinators, 2 forward translators, 2 rear translators, and 5 expert panelists. Simultaneously, the Chinese iteration of the STAB and BruxScreen underwent pilot testing to assess its comprehensibility and practicality. Pilot testing comprised 60 participants for the STAB (20 patients, 20 dental students, 20 dentists) and 40 independent volunteers for the BruxScreen (20 patients, 10 students, 10 dentists).Results: The STAB completion time averaged 17.8 minutes for patients (self-report) and 11.4 minutes and 14.3 minutes for dentists and dental students (examination), respectively. The BruxScreen-Q (questionnaire) completion time averaged 1.6 minutes, and the BruxScreen-C (clinical examination) duration averaged 1.8 minutes per patient. High comprehensibility was achieved, with 95.5% of the STAB items and 100% of the BruxScreen items requiring no clarification. All 20 dentists (100%) endorsed both tools as clinically feasible. The test-retest and inter-examiner reliability of the BruxScreen showed excellent agreement (Kappa > 0.8, p < 0.001).Conclusions: The Chinese versions demonstrate satisfactory preliminary comprehensibility and feasibility; the BruxScreen shows excellent reliability. Comprehensive validation in larger samples is required before these tools can be applied in clinical practice or large-scale screening.

AB - Background: The newly established Standardized Tool for the Assessment of Bruxism (STAB) and the bruxism screener (BruxScreen) offer thorough, methodical, and readily available instruments for the evaluation and screening of bruxism in clinical settings and research endeavors.Methods: The Chinese version provided is a translation of the original English text. The Chinese version of the STAB/BruxScreen was developed in accordance with the 12-step guideline for translation and cultural adaptation established by the expert group. The translation team consisted of 13 members: 4 study coordinators, 2 forward translators, 2 rear translators, and 5 expert panelists. Simultaneously, the Chinese iteration of the STAB and BruxScreen underwent pilot testing to assess its comprehensibility and practicality. Pilot testing comprised 60 participants for the STAB (20 patients, 20 dental students, 20 dentists) and 40 independent volunteers for the BruxScreen (20 patients, 10 students, 10 dentists).Results: The STAB completion time averaged 17.8 minutes for patients (self-report) and 11.4 minutes and 14.3 minutes for dentists and dental students (examination), respectively. The BruxScreen-Q (questionnaire) completion time averaged 1.6 minutes, and the BruxScreen-C (clinical examination) duration averaged 1.8 minutes per patient. High comprehensibility was achieved, with 95.5% of the STAB items and 100% of the BruxScreen items requiring no clarification. All 20 dentists (100%) endorsed both tools as clinically feasible. The test-retest and inter-examiner reliability of the BruxScreen showed excellent agreement (Kappa > 0.8, p < 0.001).Conclusions: The Chinese versions demonstrate satisfactory preliminary comprehensibility and feasibility; the BruxScreen shows excellent reliability. Comprehensive validation in larger samples is required before these tools can be applied in clinical practice or large-scale screening.

KW - Bruxism

KW - Cross-cultural comparison

KW - Pilot projects

KW - Sleep bruxism

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UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105033050969#tab=citedBy

U2 - 10.22514/jofph.2026.020

DO - 10.22514/jofph.2026.020

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Translation, cultural adaptation, and pilot testing of the standardized tool for the assessment of bruxism and the bruxism screener in China

Abstract

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Keywords

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