@article{5d7c2d252b544a3e9b2667f4e54178f1,
title = "Upper limits on the isotropic gravitational-wave background from Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo's third observing run",
abstract = "We report results of a search for an isotropic gravitational-wave background (GWB) using data from Advanced LIGO's and Advanced Virgo's third observing run (O3) combined with upper limits from the earlier O1 and O2 runs. Unlike in previous observing runs in the advanced detector era, we include Virgo in the search for the GWB. The results of the search are consistent with uncorrelated noise, and therefore we place upper limits on the strength of the GWB. We find that the dimensionless energy density ωGW≤5.8×10-9 at the 95\% credible level for a flat (frequency-independent) GWB, using a prior which is uniform in the log of the strength of the GWB, with 99\% of the sensitivity coming from the band 20-76.6 Hz; ωGW(f)≤3.4×10-9 at 25 Hz for a power-law GWB with a spectral index of 2/3 (consistent with expectations for compact binary coalescences), in the band 20-90.6 Hz; and ωGW(f)≤3.9×10-10 at 25 Hz for a spectral index of 3, in the band 20-291.6 Hz. These upper limits improve over our previous results by a factor of 6.0 for a flat GWB, 8.8 for a spectral index of 2/3, and 13.1 for a spectral index of 3. We also search for a GWB arising from scalar and vector modes, which are predicted by alternative theories of gravity; we do not find evidence of these, and place upper limits on the strength of GWBs with these polarizations. We demonstrate that there is no evidence of correlated noise of magnetic origin by performing a Bayesian analysis that allows for the presence of both a GWB and an effective magnetic background arising from geophysical Schumann resonances. We compare our upper limits to a fiducial model for the GWB from the merger of compact binaries, updating the model to use the most recent data-driven population inference from the systems detected during O3a. Finally, we combine our results with observations of individual mergers and show that, at design sensitivity, this joint approach may yield stronger constraints on the merger rate of binary black holes at z2 than can be achieved with individually resolved mergers alone.",
author = "R. Abbott and Abbott, \{T. D.\} and S. Abraham and F. Acernese and K. Ackley and A. Adams and C. Adams and Adhikari, \{R. X.\} and Adya, \{V. B.\} and C. Affeldt and D. Agarwal and M. Agathos and K. Agatsuma and N. Aggarwal and Aguiar, \{O. D.\} and L. Aiello and A. Ain and T. Akutsu and Aleman, \{K. M.\} and G. Allen and A. Allocca and Altin, \{P. A.\} and A. Amato and S. Anand and A. Ananyeva and Anderson, \{S. B.\} and Anderson, \{W. G.\} and M. Ando and Angelova, \{S. V.\} and S. Ansoldi and Antelis, \{J. M.\} and S. Antier and S. Appert and Koya Arai and Koji Arai and Y. Arai and S. Araki and A. Araya and Araya, \{M. C.\} and Areeda, \{J. S.\} and M. Ar{\`e}ne and N. Aritomi and N. Arnaud and Aronson, \{S. M.\} and H. Asada and Y. Asali and G. Ashton and Y. Aso and Aston, \{S. M.\} and P. Astone and F. Aubin and P. Aufmuth and K. Aultoneal and C. Austin and S. Babak and F. Badaracco and Bader, \{M. K.M.\} and S. Bae and Y. Bae and Baer, \{A. M.\} and S. Bagnasco and Y. Bai and L. Baiotti and J. Baird and R. Bajpai and M. Ball and G. Ballardin and Ballmer, \{S. W.\} and M. Bals and A. Balsamo and G. Baltus and S. Banagiri and D. Bankar and Bankar, \{R. S.\} and Barayoga, \{J. C.\} and C. Barbieri and Barish, \{B. C.\} and D. Barker and P. Barneo and S. Barnum and F. Barone and B. Barr and L. Barsotti and M. Barsuglia and D. Barta and J. Bartlett and Barton, \{M. A.\} and I. Bartos and R. Bassiri and A. Basti and M. Bawaj and Bayley, \{J. C.\} and Baylor, \{A. C.\} and M. Bazzan and B. B{\'e}csy and Bedakihale, \{V. M.\} and M. Bejger and I. Belahcene and V. Benedetto and D. Beniwal and Benjamin, \{M. G.\} and Bennett, \{T. F.\} and Bentley, \{J. D.\} and M. Benyaala and F. Bergamin and Berger, \{B. K.\} and S. Bernuzzi and D. Bersanetti and A. Bertolini and J. Betzwieser and R. Bhandare and Bhandari, \{A. V.\} and D. Bhattacharjee and S. Bhaumik and J. Bidler and Bilenko, \{I. A.\} and G. Billingsley and R. Birney and O. Birnholtz and S. Biscans and M. Bischi and S. Biscoveanu and A. Bisht and B. Biswas and M. Bitossi and Bizouard, \{M. A.\} and Blackburn, \{J. K.\} and J. Blackman and Blair, \{C. D.\} and Blair, \{D. G.\} and Blair, \{R. M.\} and F. Bobba and N. Bode and M. Boer and G. Bogaert and M. Boldrini and F. Bondu and E. Bonilla and R. Bonnand and P. Booker and Boom, \{B. A.\} and R. Bork and V. Boschi and N. Bose and S. Bose and V. Bossilkov and V. Boudart and Y. Bouffanais and A. Bozzi and C. Bradaschia and Brady, \{P. R.\} and A. Bramley and A. Branch and M. Branchesi and Brau, \{J. E.\} and M. Breschi and T. Briant and Briggs, \{J. H.\} and A. Brillet and M. Brinkmann and P. Brockill and Brooks, \{A. F.\} and J. Brooks and Brown, \{D. D.\} and S. Brunett and G. Bruno and R. Bruntz and J. Bryant and A. Buikema and T. Bulik and Bulten, \{H. J.\} and A. Buonanno and R. Buscicchio and D. Buskulic and Byer, \{R. L.\} and L. Cadonati and M. Caesar and G. Cagnoli and C. Cahillane and Cain, \{H. W.\} and Bustillo, \{J. Calder{\'o}n\} and Callaghan, \{J. D.\} and Callister, \{T. A.\} and E. Calloni and Camp, \{J. B.\} and M. Canepa and M. Cannavacciuolo and Cannon, \{K. C.\} and H. Cao and J. Cao and Z. Cao and E. Capocasa and E. Capote and G. Carapella and F. Carbognani and Carlin, \{J. B.\} and Carney, \{M. F.\} and M. Carpinelli and G. Carullo and Carver, \{T. L.\} and Diaz, \{J. Casanueva\} and C. Casentini and G. Castaldi and S. Caudill and M. Cavagli{\`a} and F. Cavalier and R. Cavalieri and G. Cella and P. Cerd{\'a}-Dur{\'a}n and E. Cesarini and W. Chaibi and K. Chakravarti and B. Champion and Chan, \{C. H.\} and C. Chan and Chan, \{C. L.\} and M. Chan and K. Chandra and P. Chanial and S. Chao and P. Charlton and Chase, \{E. A.\} and E. Chassande-Mottin and D. Chatterjee and M. Chaturvedi and A. Chen and C. Chen and Chen, \{H. Y.\} and J. Chen and K. Chen and X. Chen and Chen, \{Y. B.\} and Chen, \{Y. R.\} and Z. Chen and H. Cheng and Cheong, \{C. K.\} and Cheung, \{H. Y.\} and Chia, \{H. Y.\} and F. Chiadini and Chiang, \{C. Y.\} and R. Chierici and A. Chincarini and Chiofalo, \{M. L.\} and A. Chiummo and G. Cho and Cho, \{H. S.\} and S. Choate and Choudhary, \{R. K.\} and S. Choudhary and N. Christensen and H. Chu and Q. Chu and Chu, \{Y. K.\} and S. Chua and Chung, \{K. W.\} and G. Ciani and P. Ciecielag and M. Cie{\'s}lar and M. Cifaldi and Ciobanu, \{A. A.\} and R. Ciolfi and F. Cipriano and A. Cirone and F. Clara and Clark, \{E. N.\} and Clark, \{J. A.\} and L. Clarke and P. Clearwater and S. Clesse and F. Cleva and E. Coccia and Cohadon, \{P. F.\} and Cohen, \{D. E.\} and L. Cohen and M. Colleoni and Collette, \{C. G.\} and M. Colpi and Compton, \{C. M.\} and M. Constancio and L. Conti and Cooper, \{S. J.\} and P. Corban and Corbitt, \{T. R.\} and I. Cordero-Carri{\'o}n and S. Corezzi and Corley, \{K. R.\} and N. Cornish and D. Corre and A. Corsi and S. Cortese and Costa, \{C. A.\} and R. Cotesta and Coughlin, \{M. W.\} and Coughlin, \{S. B.\} and Coulon, \{J. P.\} and Countryman, \{S. T.\} and B. Cousins and P. Couvares and Covas, \{P. B.\} and Coward, \{D. M.\} and Cowart, \{M. J.\} and Coyne, \{D. C.\} and R. Coyne and Creighton, \{J. D.E.\} and Creighton, \{T. D.\} and Criswell, \{A. W.\} and M. Croquette and Crowder, \{S. G.\} and Cudell, \{J. R.\} and Cullen, \{T. J.\} and A. Cumming and R. Cummings and E. Cuoco and M. Cury{\l}o and \{Dal Canton\}, T. and G. D{\'a}lya and A. Dana and Daneshgaranbajastani, \{L. M.\} and B. D'Angelo and Danilishin, \{S. L.\} and S. D'Antonio and K. Danzmann and C. Darsow-Fromm and A. Dasgupta and Datrier, \{L. E.H.\} and V. Dattilo and I. Dave and M. Davier and Davies, \{G. S.\} and D. Davis and Daw, \{E. J.\} and R. Dean and M. Deenadayalan and J. Degallaix and \{De Laurentis\}, M. and S. Del{\'e}glise and \{Del Favero\}, V. and \{De Lillo\}, F. and \{De Lillo\}, N. and \{Del Pozzo\}, W. and Demarchi, \{L. M.\} and \{De Matteis\}, F. and V. D'Emilio and N. Demos and T. Dent and A. Depasse and \{De Pietri\}, R. and \{De Rosa\}, R. and \{De Rossi\}, C. and R. Desalvo and \{De Simone\}, R. and S. Dhurandhar and D{\'i}az, \{M. C.\} and M. Diaz-Ortiz and Didio, \{N. A.\} and T. Dietrich and \{Di Fiore\}, L. and \{Di Fronzo\}, C. and \{Di Giorgio\}, C. and \{Di Giovanni\}, F. and \{Di Girolamo\}, T. and \{Di Lieto\}, A. and B. Ding and \{Di Pace\}, S. and \{Di Palma\}, I. and \{Di Renzo\}, F. and Divakarla, \{A. K.\} and A. Dmitriev and Z. Doctor and L. D'Onofrio and F. Donovan and Dooley, \{K. L.\} and S. Doravari and I. Dorrington and M. Drago and Driggers, \{J. C.\} and Y. Drori and Z. Du and Ducoin, \{J. G.\} and P. Dupej and O. Durante and D. D'Urso and Duverne, \{P. A.\} and I. Dvorkin and Dwyer, \{S. E.\} and Easter, \{P. J.\} and M. Ebersold and G. Eddolls and B. Edelman and Edo, \{T. B.\} and O. Edy and A. Effler and S. Eguchi and J. Eichholz and Eikenberry, \{S. S.\} and M. Eisenmann and Eisenstein, \{R. A.\} and A. Ejlli and Y. Enomoto and L. Errico and Essick, \{R. C.\} and H. Estell{\'e}s and D. Estevez and Z. Etienne and T. Etzel and M. Evans and Evans, \{T. M.\} and Ewing, \{B. E.\} and V. Fafone and H. Fair and S. Fairhurst and X. Fan and Farah, \{A. M.\} and S. Farinon and B. Farr and Farr, \{W. M.\} and Farrow, \{N. W.\} and Fauchon-Jones, \{E. J.\} and M. Favata and M. Fays and M. Fazio and J. Feicht and Fejer, \{M. M.\} and F. Feng and E. Fenyvesi and Ferguson, \{D. L.\} and A. Fernandez-Galiana and I. Ferrante and Ferreira, \{T. A.\} and F. Fidecaro and P. Figura and I. Fiori and M. Fishbach and Fisher, \{R. P.\} and Fishner, \{J. M.\} and R. Fittipaldi and V. Fiumara and R. Flaminio and E. Floden and E. Flynn and H. Fong and Font, \{J. A.\} and B. Fornal and Forsyth, \{P. W.F.\} and A. Franke and S. Frasca and F. Frasconi and C. Frederick and Z. Frei and A. Freise and R. Frey and P. Fritschel and Frolov, \{V. V.\} and Fronz{\'e}, \{G. G.\} and Y. Fujii and Y. Fujikawa and M. Fukunaga and M. Fukushima and P. Fulda and M. Fyffe and Gabbard, \{H. A.\} and Gadre, \{B. U.\} and Gaebel, \{S. M.\} and Gair, \{J. R.\} and J. Gais and S. Galaudage and R. Gamba and D. Ganapathy and A. Ganguly and D. Gao and Gaonkar, \{S. G.\} and B. Garaventa and C. Garc{\'i}a-N{\'u}{\~n}ez and C. Garc{\'i}a-Quir{\'o}s and F. Garufi and B. Gateley and S. Gaudio and V. Gayathri and G. Ge and G. Gemme and A. Gennai and J. George and L. Gergely and P. Gewecke and S. Ghonge and Abhirup Ghosh and Archisman Ghosh and Shaon Ghosh and Shrobana Ghosh and Sourath Ghosh and B. Giacomazzo and L. Giacoppo and Giaime, \{J. A.\} and Giardina, \{K. D.\} and Gibson, \{D. R.\} and C. Gier and M. Giesler and P. Giri and F. Gissi and J. Glanzer and Gleckl, \{A. E.\} and P. Godwin and E. Goetz and R. Goetz and N. Gohlke and B. Goncharov and G. Gonz{\'a}lez and A. Gopakumar and M. Gosselin and R. Gouaty and B. Grace and A. Grado and M. Granata and V. Granata and A. Grant and S. Gras and P. Grassia and C. Gray and R. Gray and G. Greco and Green, \{A. C.\} and R. Green and Gretarsson, \{A. M.\} and Gretarsson, \{E. M.\} and D. Griffith and W. Griffiths and Griggs, \{H. L.\} and G. Grignani and A. Grimaldi and E. Grimes and Grimm, \{S. J.\} and H. Grote and S. Grunewald and P. Gruning and Guerrero, \{J. G.\} and Guidi, \{G. M.\} and Guimaraes, \{A. R.\} and G. Guix{\'e} and Gulati, \{H. K.\} and Guo, \{H. K.\} and Y. Guo and Anchal Gupta and Anuradha Gupta and P. Gupta and Gustafson, \{E. K.\} and R. Gustafson and F. Guzman and S. Ha and L. Haegel and A. Hagiwara and S. Haino and O. Halim and Hall, \{E. D.\} and Hamilton, \{E. Z.\} and G. Hammond and Han, \{W. B.\} and M. Haney and J. Hanks and C. Hanna and Hannam, \{M. D.\} and Hannuksela, \{O. A.\} and H. Hansen and Hansen, \{T. J.\} and J. Hanson and T. Harder and T. Hardwick and K. Haris and J. Harms and Harry, \{G. M.\} and Harry, \{I. W.\} and D. Hartwig and K. Hasegawa and B. Haskell and Hasskew, \{R. K.\} and Haster, \{C. J.\} and K. Hattori and K. Haughian and H. Hayakawa and K. Hayama and Hayes, \{F. J.\} and J. Healy and A. Heidmann and Heintze, \{M. C.\} and J. Heinze and J. Heinzel and H. Heitmann and F. Hellman and P. Hello and Helmling-Cornell, \{A. F.\} and G. Hemming and M. Hendry and Heng, \{I. S.\} and E. Hennes and J. Hennig and Hennig, \{M. H.\} and Vivanco, \{F. Hernandez\} and M. Heurs and S. Hild and P. Hill and Y. Himemoto and Hines, \{A. S.\} and Y. Hiranuma and N. Hirata and E. Hirose and S. Hochheim and D. Hofman and Hohmann, \{J. N.\} and Holgado, \{A. M.\} and Holland, \{N. A.\} and Hollows, \{I. J.\} and Holmes, \{Z. J.\} and K. Holt and Holz, \{D. E.\} and Z. Hong and P. Hopkins and J. Hough and Howell, \{E. J.\} and Hoy, \{C. G.\} and D. Hoyland and A. Hreibi and B. Hsieh and Y. Hsu and Huang, \{G. Z.\} and Huang, \{H. Y.\} and P. Huang and Huang, \{Y. C.\} and Huang, \{Y. J.\} and Huang, \{Y. W.\} and H{\"u}bner, \{M. T.\} and Huddart, \{A. D.\} and Huerta, \{E. A.\} and B. Hughey and Hui, \{D. C.Y.\} and V. Hui and S. Husa and Huttner, \{S. H.\} and R. Huxford and T. Huynh-Dinh and S. Ide and B. Idzkowski and A. Iess and B. Ikenoue and S. Imam and K. Inayoshi and H. Inchauspe and C. Ingram and Y. Inoue and G. Intini and K. Ioka and M. Isi and K. Isleif and K. Ito and Y. Itoh and Iyer, \{B. R.\} and K. Izumi and V. Jaberianhamedan and T. Jacqmin and Jadhav, \{S. J.\} and Jadhav, \{S. P.\} and James, \{A. L.\} and Jan, \{A. Z.\} and K. Jani and K. Janssens and Janthalur, \{N. N.\} and P. Jaranowski and D. Jariwala and R. Jaume and Jenkins, \{A. C.\} and C. Jeon and M. Jeunon and W. Jia and J. Jiang and Jin, \{H. B.\} and Johns, \{G. R.\} and Jones, \{A. W.\} and Jones, \{D. I.\} and Jones, \{J. D.\} and P. Jones and R. Jones and Jonker, \{R. J.G.\} and L. Ju and K. Jung and P. Jung and J. Junker and K. Kaihotsu and T. Kajita and M. Kakizaki and Kalaghatgi, \{C. V.\} and V. Kalogera and B. Kamai and M. Kamiizumi and N. Kanda and S. Kandhasamy and G. Kang and Kanner, \{J. B.\} and Y. Kao and Kapadia, \{S. J.\} and Kapasi, \{D. P.\} and C. Karathanasis and S. Karki and R. Kashyap and M. Kasprzack and W. Kastaun and S. Katsanevas and E. Katsavounidis and W. Katzman and T. Kaur and K. Kawabe and K. Kawaguchi and N. Kawai and T. Kawasaki and F. K{\'e}f{\'e}lian and D. Keitel and Key, \{J. S.\} and S. Khadka and Khalili, \{F. Y.\} and I. Khan and S. Khan and Khazanov, \{E. A.\} and N. Khetan and M. Khursheed and N. Kijbunchoo and C. Kim and Kim, \{J. C.\} and J. Kim and K. Kim and Kim, \{W. S.\} and Kim, \{Y. M.\} and C. Kimball and N. Kimura and King, \{P. J.\} and M. Kinley-Hanlon and R. Kirchhoff and Kissel, \{J. S.\} and N. Kita and H. Kitazawa and L. Kleybolte and S. Klimenko and Knee, \{A. M.\} and Knowles, \{T. D.\} and E. Knyazev and P. Koch and G. Koekoek and Y. Kojima and K. Kokeyama and S. Koley and P. Kolitsidou and M. Kolstein and K. Komori and V. Kondrashov and Kong, \{A. K.H.\} and A. Kontos and N. Koper and M. Korobko and K. Kotake and M. Kovalam and Kozak, \{D. B.\} and C. Kozakai and R. Kozu and V. Kringel and Krishnendu, \{N. V.\} and A. Kr{\'o}lak and G. Kuehn and F. Kuei and A. Kumar and P. Kumar and Rahul Kumar and Rakesh Kumar and J. Kume and K. Kuns and C. Kuo and Kuo, \{H. S.\} and Y. Kuromiya and S. Kuroyanagi and K. Kusayanagi and K. Kwak and S. Kwang and D. Laghi and E. Lalande and Lam, \{T. L.\} and A. Lamberts and M. Landry and Lane, \{B. B.\} and Lang, \{R. N.\} and J. Lange and B. Lantz and \{La Rosa\}, I. and A. Lartaux-Vollard and Lasky, \{P. D.\} and M. Laxen and A. Lazzarini and C. Lazzaro and P. Leaci and S. Leavey and Lecoeuche, \{Y. K.\} and Lee, \{H. K.\} and Lee, \{H. M.\} and Lee, \{H. W.\} and J. Lee and K. Lee and R. Lee and J. Lehmann and A. Lema{\^i}tre and E. Leon and M. Leonardi and N. Leroy and N. Letendre and Y. Levin and Leviton, \{J. N.\} and Li, \{A. K.Y.\} and B. Li and J. Li and Li, \{K. L.\} and Li, \{T. G.F.\} and X. Li and Lin, \{C. Y.\} and Lin, \{F. K.\} and Lin, \{F. L.\} and Lin, \{H. L.\} and Lin, \{L. C.C.\} and F. Linde and Linker, \{S. D.\} and Linley, \{J. N.\} and Littenberg, \{T. B.\} and Liu, \{G. C.\} and J. Liu and K. Liu and X. Liu and M. Llorens-Monteagudo and Lo, \{R. K.L.\} and A. Lockwood and Lollie, \{M. L.\} and London, \{L. T.\} and A. Longo and D. Lopez and M. Lorenzini and V. Loriette and M. Lormand and G. Losurdo and Lough, \{J. D.\} and Lousto, \{C. O.\} and G. Lovelace and H. L{\"u}ck and D. Lumaca and Lundgren, \{A. P.\} and Luo, \{L. W.\} and R. MacAs and M. MacInnis and MacLeod, \{D. M.\} and MacMillan, \{I. A.O.\} and A. MacQuet and Hernandez, \{I. Maga{\~n}a\} and F. Maga{\~n}a-Sandoval and C. Magazz{\`u} and Magee, \{R. M.\} and R. Maggiore and E. Majorana and I. Maksimovic and S. Maliakal and A. Malik and N. Man and V. Mandic and V. Mangano and Mango, \{J. L.\} and Mansell, \{G. L.\} and M. Manske and M. Mantovani and M. Mapelli and F. Marchesoni and M. Marchio and F. Marion and Z. Mark and S. M{\'a}rka and Z. M{\'a}rka and C. Markakis and Markosyan, \{A. S.\} and A. Markowitz and E. Maros and A. Marquina and S. Marsat and F. Martelli and Martin, \{I. W.\} and Martin, \{R. M.\} and M. Martinez and V. Martinez and K. Martinovic and Martynov, \{D. V.\} and Marx, \{E. J.\} and H. Masalehdan and K. Mason and E. Massera and A. Masserot and Massinger, \{T. J.\} and M. Masso-Reid and S. Mastrogiovanni and A. Matas and M. Mateu-Lucena and F. Matichard and M. Matiushechkina and N. Mavalvala and McCann, \{J. J.\} and R. McCarthy and McClelland, \{D. E.\} and P. McClincy and S. McCormick and L. McCuller and McGhee, \{G. I.\} and McGuire, \{S. C.\} and C. McIsaac and J. McIver and McManus, \{D. J.\} and T. McRae and McWilliams, \{S. T.\} and D. Meacher and M. Mehmet and Mehta, \{A. K.\} and A. Melatos and Melchor, \{D. A.\} and G. Mendell and A. Menendez-Vazquez and Menoni, \{C. S.\} and Mercer, \{R. A.\} and L. Mereni and K. Merfeld and Merilh, \{E. L.\} and Merritt, \{J. D.\} and M. Merzougui and S. Meshkov and C. Messenger and C. Messick and Meyers, \{P. M.\} and F. Meylahn and A. Mhaske and A. Miani and H. Miao and I. Michaloliakos and C. Michel and Y. Michimura and H. Middleton and L. Milano and Miller, \{A. L.\} and M. Millhouse and Mills, \{J. C.\} and E. Milotti and Milovich-Goff, \{M. C.\} and O. Minazzoli and Y. Minenkov and N. Mio and Mir, \{Ll M.\} and A. Mishkin and C. Mishra and T. Mishra and T. Mistry and S. Mitra and Mitrofanov, \{V. P.\} and G. Mitselmakher and R. Mittleman and O. Miyakawa and A. Miyamoto and Y. Miyazaki and K. Miyo and S. Miyoki and Geoffrey Mo and K. Mogushi and Mohapatra, \{S. R.P.\} and Mohite, \{S. R.\} and I. Molina and M. Molina-Ruiz and M. Mondin and M. Montani and Moore, \{C. J.\} and D. Moraru and F. Morawski and A. More and C. Moreno and G. Moreno and Y. Mori and S. Morisaki and Y. Moriwaki and B. Mours and Mow-Lowry, \{C. M.\} and S. Mozzon and F. Muciaccia and Arunava Mukherjee and D. Mukherjee and Soma Mukherjee and Subroto Mukherjee and N. Mukund and A. Mullavey and J. Munch and Mu{\~n}iz, \{E. A.\} and Murray, \{P. G.\} and R. Musenich and Nadji, \{S. L.\} and K. Nagano and S. Nagano and A. Nagar and K. Nakamura and H. Nakano and M. Nakano and R. Nakashima and Y. Nakayama and I. Nardecchia and T. Narikawa and L. Naticchioni and B. Nayak and Nayak, \{R. K.\} and R. Negishi and Neil, \{B. F.\} and J. Neilson and G. Nelemans and Nelson, \{T. J.N.\} and M. Nery and A. Neunzert and Ng, \{K. Y.\} and Ng, \{S. W.S.\} and C. Nguyen and P. Nguyen and T. Nguyen and Quynh, \{L. Nguyen\} and Ni, \{W. T.\} and Nichols, \{S. A.\} and A. Nishizawa and S. Nissanke and F. Nocera and M. Noh and M. Norman and C. North and S. Nozaki and Nuttall, \{L. K.\} and J. Oberling and O'Brien, \{B. D.\} and Y. Obuchi and J. O'Dell and W. Ogaki and G. Oganesyan and Oh, \{J. J.\} and K. Oh and Oh, \{S. H.\} and M. Ohashi and N. Ohishi and M. Ohkawa and F. Ohme and H. Ohta and Okada, \{M. A.\} and Y. Okutani and K. Okutomi and C. Olivetto and K. Oohara and C. Ooi and R. Oram and B. O'Reilly and Ormiston, \{R. G.\} and Ormsby, \{N. D.\} and Ortega, \{L. F.\} and R. O'Shaughnessy and E. O'Shea and S. Oshino and S. Ossokine and C. Osthelder and S. Otabe and Ottaway, \{D. J.\} and H. Overmier and Pace, \{A. E.\} and G. Pagano and Page, \{M. A.\} and G. Pagliaroli and A. Pai and Pai, \{S. A.\} and Palamos, \{J. R.\} and O. Palashov and C. Palomba and K. Pan and Panda, \{P. K.\} and H. Pang and Pang, \{P. T.H.\} and C. Pankow and F. Pannarale and Pant, \{B. C.\} and F. Paoletti and A. Paoli and A. Paolone and A. Parisi and J. Park and W. Parker and D. Pascucci and A. Pasqualetti and R. Passaquieti and D. Passuello and M. Patel and B. Patricelli and E. Payne and Pechsiri, \{T. C.\} and M. Pedraza and M. Pegoraro and A. Pele and \{Pe{\~n}a Arellano\}, \{F. E.\} and S. Penn and A. Perego and A. Pereira and T. Pereira and Perez, \{C. J.\} and C. P{\'e}rigois and A. Perreca and S. Perri{\`e}s and J. Petermann and D. Petterson and Pfeiffer, \{H. P.\} and Pham, \{K. A.\} and Phukon, \{K. S.\} and Piccinni, \{O. J.\} and M. Pichot and M. Piendibene and F. Piergiovanni and L. Pierini and V. Pierro and G. Pillant and F. Pilo and L. Pinard and Pinto, \{I. M.\} and Piotrzkowski, \{B. J.\} and K. Piotrzkowski and M. Pirello and M. Pitkin and E. Placidi and W. Plastino and C. Pluchar and R. Poggiani and E. Polini and Pong, \{D. Y.T.\} and S. Ponrathnam and P. Popolizio and Porter, \{E. K.\} and J. Powell and M. Pracchia and T. Pradier and Prajapati, \{A. K.\} and K. Prasai and R. Prasanna and G. Pratten and T. Prestegard and M. Principe and Prodi, \{G. A.\} and L. Prokhorov and P. Prosposito and L. Prudenzi and A. Puecher and M. Punturo and F. Puosi and P. Puppo and M. P{\"u}rrer and H. Qi and V. Quetschke and Quinonez, \{P. J.\} and R. Quitzow-James and Raab, \{F. J.\} and G. Raaijmakers and H. Radkins and N. Radulesco and P. Raffai and Rail, \{S. X.\} and S. Raja and C. Rajan and Ramirez, \{K. E.\} and Ramirez, \{T. D.\} and A. Ramos-Buades and J. Rana and P. Rapagnani and Rapol, \{U. D.\} and B. Ratto and V. Raymond and N. Raza and M. Razzano and J. Read and Rees, \{L. A.\} and T. Regimbau and L. Rei and S. Reid and Reitze, \{D. H.\} and P. Relton and P. Rettegno and F. Ricci and Richardson, \{C. J.\} and Richardson, \{J. W.\} and L. Richardson and Ricker, \{P. M.\} and G. Riemenschneider and K. Riles and M. Rizzo and Robertson, \{N. A.\} and R. Robie and F. Robinet and A. Rocchi and Rocha, \{J. A.\} and S. Rodriguez and Rodriguez-Soto, \{R. D.\} and L. Rolland and Rollins, \{J. G.\} and Roma, \{V. J.\} and M. Romanelli and J. Romano and R. Romano and Romel, \{C. L.\} and A. Romero and Romero-Shaw, \{I. M.\} and Romie, \{J. H.\} and Rose, \{C. A.\} and D. Rosi{\'n}ska and Rosofsky, \{S. G.\} and Ross, \{M. P.\} and S. Rowan and Rowlinson, \{S. J.\} and Santosh Roy and Soumen Roy and D. Rozza and P. Ruggi and K. Ryan and S. Sachdev and T. Sadecki and J. Sadiq and N. Sago and S. Saito and Y. Saito and K. Sakai and Y. Sakai and M. Sakellariadou and Y. Sakuno and Salafia, \{O. S.\} and L. Salconi and M. Saleem and F. Salemi and A. Samajdar and Sanchez, \{E. J.\} and Sanchez, \{J. H.\} and Sanchez, \{L. E.\} and N. Sanchis-Gual and Sanders, \{J. R.\} and A. Sanuy and Saravanan, \{T. R.\} and N. Sarin and B. Sassolas and H. Satari and S. Sato and T. Sato and O. Sauter and Savage, \{R. L.\} and V. Savant and T. Sawada and D. Sawant and Sawant, \{H. L.\} and S. Sayah and D. Schaetzl and M. Scheel and J. Scheuer and A. Schindler-Tyka and P. Schmidt and R. Schnabel and M. Schneewind and Schofield, \{R. M.S.\} and A. Sch{\"o}nbeck and Schulte, \{B. W.\} and Schutz, \{B. F.\} and E. Schwartz and J. Scott and Scott, \{S. M.\} and M. Seglar-Arroyo and E. Seidel and T. Sekiguchi and Y. Sekiguchi and D. Sellers and Sengupta, \{A. S.\} and N. Sennett and D. Sentenac and Seo, \{E. G.\} and V. Sequino and A. Sergeev and Y. Setyawati and T. Shaffer and Shahriar, \{M. S.\} and B. Shams and L. Shao and S. Sharifi and A. Sharma and P. Sharma and P. Shawhan and Shcheblanov, \{N. S.\} and H. Shen and S. Shibagaki and M. Shikauchi and R. Shimizu and T. Shimoda and K. Shimode and R. Shink and H. Shinkai and T. Shishido and A. Shoda and Shoemaker, \{D. H.\} and Shoemaker, \{D. M.\} and K. Shukla and S. Shyamsundar and M. Sieniawska and D. Sigg and Singer, \{L. P.\} and D. Singh and N. Singh and A. Singha and Sintes, \{A. M.\} and V. Sipala and V. Skliris and Slagmolen, \{B. J.J.\} and Slaven-Blair, \{T. J.\} and J. Smetana and Smith, \{J. R.\} and Smith, \{R. J.E.\} and Somala, \{S. N.\} and K. Somiya and Son, \{E. J.\} and K. Soni and S. Soni and B. Sorazu and V. Sordini and F. Sorrentino and N. Sorrentino and H. Sotani and R. Soulard and T. Souradeep and E. Sowell and V. Spagnuolo and Spencer, \{A. P.\} and M. Spera and Srivastava, \{A. K.\} and V. Srivastava and K. Staats and C. Stachie and Steer, \{D. A.\} and J. Steinlechner and S. Steinlechner and Stops, \{D. J.\} and M. Stover and Strain, \{K. A.\} and Strang, \{L. C.\} and G. Stratta and A. Strunk and R. Sturani and Stuver, \{A. L.\} and J. S{\"u}dbeck and S. Sudhagar and V. Sudhir and R. Sugimoto and Suh, \{H. G.\} and Summerscales, \{T. Z.\} and H. Sun and L. Sun and S. Sunil and A. Sur and J. Suresh and Sutton, \{P. J.\} and Takamasa Suzuki and Toshikazu Suzuki and Swinkels, \{B. L.\} and Szczepa{\'n}czyk, \{M. J.\} and P. Szewczyk and M. Tacca and H. Tagoshi and Tait, \{S. C.\} and H. Takahashi and R. Takahashi and A. Takamori and S. Takano and H. Takeda and M. Takeda and C. Talbot and H. Tanaka and Kazuyuki Tanaka and Kenta Tanaka and Taiki Tanaka and Takahiro Tanaka and Tanasijczuk, \{A. J.\} and S. Tanioka and Tanner, \{D. B.\} and D. Tao and A. Tapia and Martin, \{E. N.Tapia San\} and Mertin, \{E. N.Tapia San\} and Tasson, \{J. D.\} and S. Telada and R. Tenorio and L. Terkowski and M. Test and Thirugnanasambandam, \{M. P.\} and M. Thomas and P. Thomas and Thompson, \{J. E.\} and Thondapu, \{S. R.\} and Thorne, \{K. A.\} and E. Thrane and Shubhanshu Tiwari and Srishti Tiwari and V. Tiwari and K. Toland and Tolley, \{A. E.\} and T. Tomaru and Y. Tomigami and T. Tomura and M. Tonelli and A. Torres-Forn{\'e} and Torrie, \{C. I.\} and \{E Melo\}, \{I. Tosta\} and D. T{\"o}yr{\"a} and A. Trapananti and F. Travasso and G. Traylor and Tringali, \{M. C.\} and A. Tripathee and L. Troiano and A. Trovato and L. Trozzo and Trudeau, \{R. J.\} and Tsai, \{D. S.\} and D. Tsai and Tsang, \{K. W.\} and T. Tsang and Tsao, \{J. S.\} and M. Tse and R. Tso and K. Tsubono and S. Tsuchida and L. Tsukada and D. Tsuna and T. Tsutsui and T. Tsuzuki and M. Turconi and D. Tuyenbayev and Ubhi, \{A. S.\} and N. Uchikata and T. Uchiyama and Udall, \{R. P.\} and A. Ueda and T. Uehara and K. Ueno and G. Ueshima and D. Ugolini and Unnikrishnan, \{C. S.\} and F. Uraguchi and Urban, \{A. L.\} and T. Ushiba and Usman, \{S. A.\} and Utina, \{A. C.\} and H. Vahlbruch and G. Vajente and A. Vajpeyi and G. Valdes and M. Valentini and V. Valsan and \{Van Bakel\}, N. and \{Van Beuzekom\}, M. and \{Van Den Brand\}, \{J. F.J.\} and \{Van Den Broeck\}, C. and \{Van Remortel\}, N. and Vander-Hyde, \{D. C.\} and \{Van Der Schaaf\}, L. and \{Van Heijningen\}, \{J. V.\} and \{Van Putten\}, \{M. H.P.M.\} and M. Vardaro and Vargas, \{A. F.\} and V. Varma and M. Vas{\'u}th and A. Vecchio and G. Vedovato and J. Veitch and Veitch, \{P. J.\} and K. Venkateswara and J. Venneberg and G. Venugopalan and D. Verkindt and Y. Verma and D. Veske and F. Vetrano and A. Vicer{\'e} and Viets, \{A. D.\} and V. Villa-Ortega and Vinet, \{J. Y.\} and S. Vitale and T. Vo and H. Vocca and \{Von Reis\}, \{E. R.G.\} and \{Von Wrangel\}, J. and C. Vorvick and Vyatchanin, \{S. P.\} and Wade, \{L. E.\} and M. Wade and Wagner, \{K. J.\} and Walet, \{R. C.\} and M. Walker and Wallace, \{G. S.\} and L. Wallace and S. Walsh and J. Wang and Wang, \{J. Z.\} and Wang, \{W. H.\} and Ward, \{R. L.\} and J. Warner and M. Was and T. Washimi and Washington, \{N. Y.\} and J. Watchi and B. Weaver and L. Wei and M. Weinert and Weinstein, \{A. J.\} and R. Weiss and Weller, \{C. M.\} and F. Wellmann and L. Wen and P. We{\ss}els and Westhouse, \{J. W.\} and K. Wette and Whelan, \{J. T.\} and White, \{D. D.\} and Whiting, \{B. F.\} and C. Whittle and D. Wilken and D. Williams and Williams, \{M. J.\} and Williamson, \{A. R.\} and Willis, \{J. L.\} and B. Willke and Wilson, \{D. J.\} and W. Winkler and Wipf, \{C. C.\} and T. Wlodarczyk and G. Woan and J. Woehler and Wofford, \{J. K.\} and Wong, \{I. C.F.\} and C. Wu and Wu, \{D. S.\} and H. Wu and S. Wu and Wysocki, \{D. M.\} and L. Xiao and Xu, \{W. R.\} and T. Yamada and H. Yamamoto and Kazuhiro Yamamoto and Kohei Yamamoto and T. Yamamoto and K. Yamashita and R. Yamazaki and Yang, \{F. W.\} and L. Yang and Yang Yang and Yi Yang and Z. Yang and Yap, \{M. J.\} and Yeeles, \{D. W.\} and Yelikar, \{A. B.\} and M. Ying and K. Yokogawa and J. Yokoyama and T. Yokozawa and A. Yoon and T. Yoshioka and Hang Yu and Haocun Yu and H. Yuzurihara and A. Zadro{\.z}ny and M. Zanolin and S. Zeidler and T. Zelenova and Zendri, \{J. P.\} and M. Zevin and M. Zhan and H. Zhang and J. Zhang and L. Zhang and R. Zhang and T. Zhang and C. Zhao and G. Zhao and Yue Zhao and Yuhang Zhao and Z. Zhou and Zhu, \{X. J.\} and Zhu, \{Z. H.\} and Zucker, \{M. E.\} and J. Zweizig and \{LIGO Scientific Collaboration\}",
note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2021 American Physical Society. All rights reserved. Copyright: Copyright 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.",
year = "2021",
month = jul,
doi = "10.1103/PhysRevD.104.022004",
language = "English",
volume = "104",
pages = "1--27",
journal = "Physical Review D",
issn = "2470-0010",
publisher = "American Physical Society",
number = "2",
}
SDG 7 Affordable and Clean Energy