Abstract
Understanding the vertical distribution and migratory behaviour of shelled holoplanktonic gastropods is essential in determining the environmental conditions to which they are exposed. This is increasingly important in understanding the effects of ocean acidification and climate change. Here we investigated the vertical distribution of atlantid heteropods by collating data from publications and collections and using the oxygen isotope (?18O) composition of single aragonitic shells. Data from publications and collections show 2 patterns of migration behaviour: small species that reside in shallow water at all times, and larger species that make diurnal migrations from the surface at night to deep waters during the daytime. The ?18O data show that all species analysed (n = 16) calcify their shells close to the deep chlorophyll maximum. This was within the upper 110 m of the ocean for 15 species, and down to 146 m for a single species. These findings confirm that many atlantid species are exposed to large environmental variations over a diurnal cycle and may already be well adapted to face ocean changes. However, all species analysed rely on aragonite supersaturated waters in the upper <150 m of the ocean to produce their shells, a region that is projected to undergo the earliest and greatest changes in response to increased anthropogenic CO2.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 1-15 |
| Number of pages | 15 |
| Journal | Marine Ecology Progress Series |
| Volume | 587 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - 25 Jan 2018 |
Funding
Acknowledgements. We are grateful to Alice K. Burridge (Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden), Erica Goetze (University of Hawai'i at Mānoa) and Plymouth Marine Laboratory for providing samples and data from AMT24 and AMT20, respectively. We also thank Atushi Tsuda (University of Tokyo), Erica Goetze, Nina Bednaršek (Southern California Coastal Waters Research Project) and Lisette Mekkes (Naturalis Biodiversity Center) for providing data for cruises KH1110, VANC10MV and NOAA cruise WCOA16. We thank Tom Schiøtte, Martin Vinther Søren - sen, Jon Ablett, Andreia Salvador and Joan Pickering for providing collections data and facilitating access to collections held at the Natural History Museum of Denmark and the Natural History Museum, London. We are grate - ful to Nina Keul and 2 anonymous reviewers for comments and suggestions on our manuscript. We acknowledge the scientists, captains and crews who took part in cruises AMT20, AMT24, PG0, SN105 (IIOE-2) and SO255, and the Atlantic Meridional Transect (AMT) programme. The SN105 expedition is part of IIOE-2 and was funded by the Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS), Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India. The RV ‘Sonne’ cruise SO255 was funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF; grant 03G0255A). The ‘Snellius II’ Expedition (1984−1985) was organised by both the Netherlands Council of Oceanic Research and the Indonesian Institute of Sciences and received NWO funding (NWO−76-84 Urg.). This study is a contribution to the international IMBeR project, and plankton collection on the AMT20 and AMT24 cruises was partially supported by the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) National Capability funding to Plymouth Marine Laboratory and the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton. This is contribution number 314 of the AMT programme. This work was supported by the Leverhulme Trust (RPG-2013-363, 2014–2017, to D.W.P., C.W.S), a NERC Isotope Geosciences Laboratory Grant (to D.W.P., C.W.S., M.J.L.) and a grant from the European Commission’s (FP6) Integrated Infrastructure Initiative programme SYNTHESYS (DK-TAF) (to D.W.P.). This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 746186 (POSEIDoN, D.W.P.). Access to aragonite saturation data was provided via an upload to the NOAA National Center for Environmental Information data portal.
| Funders | Funder number |
|---|---|
| DK-TAF | |
| NERC Isotope Geosciences Laboratory | |
| National Center for Environmental Health | |
| University of Southern California | |
| Indian Institute of Science | NWO?76-84 Urg |
| University of Hawai'i | |
| Ministry of Defence | |
| Horizon 2020 Framework Programme | |
| H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions | 746186 |
| Statens Naturhistoriske Museum | |
| Sixth Framework Programme | |
| Natural Environment Research Council | |
| Leverhulme Trust | RPG-2013-363 |
| European Commission | |
| Natural History Museum | |
| Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research | |
| Ministry of Earth Sciences | |
| Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung | 03G0255A |
| National Institute of Oceanography, India | |
| Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek | |
| University of Tokyo | |
| Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services | |
| Atlantic Research Center for Information and Communication Technologies | |
| National Oceanography Centre |
Keywords
- Atlantidae
- Calcification
- Diurnal migration
- Gastropod
- Ocean acidification
- Oxygen isotopes
- Vertical distribution
