Vertical Transmission and Antifungal Susceptibility Profile of Yeast Isolates from the Oral Cavity, Gut, and Breastmilk of Mother–Child Pairs in Early Life

Maria João Azevedo; Ricardo Araujo; Joana Campos; Carla Campos; Ana Filipa Ferreira; Inês Falcão-Pires; Carla Ramalho; Egija Zaura; Eugénia Pinto; Benedita Sampaio-Maia

doi:10.3390/ijms24021449

Vertical Transmission and Antifungal Susceptibility Profile of Yeast Isolates from the Oral Cavity, Gut, and Breastmilk of Mother–Child Pairs in Early Life

Maria João Azevedo, Ricardo Araujo, Joana Campos, Carla Campos, Ana Filipa Ferreira, Inês Falcão-Pires, Carla Ramalho, Egija Zaura, Eugénia Pinto, Benedita Sampaio-Maia^*

^*Corresponding author for this work

Preventive Dentistry

Research output: Contribution to Journal › Article › Academic › peer-review

Abstract

Yeast acquisition begins at birth; however, the contribution of the mother on yeast transmission to the offspring and associated resistance is yet to be clarified. The aim of this study was to explore the vertical transmission of yeasts and their antifungal susceptibility profile in early life. Oral, fecal, and breastmilk samples were collected from 73 mother–child pairs four to twelve weeks after delivery and cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar with chloramphenicol. The isolates were identified by MALDI-TOF MS. The vertical transmission was studied by microsatellite genotyping. Antifungal susceptibility was determined for fluconazole, voriconazole, miconazole, anidulafungin, and nystatin by broth microdilution assay, following CLSI–M60 guidelines. A total of 129 isolates were identified from 53% mother–child pairs. We verified the vertical transmission of Candida albicans (n = three mother–child pairs) and Candida parapsilosis (n = one mother–child pair) strains, including an antifungal resistant strain transmitted from breastmilk to the gut of a child. Most isolates were susceptible to the tested antifungals, with the exception of four C. albicans isolates and one R. mucilaginosa isolate. The vertical transmission of yeasts happens in early life. This is the first work that demonstrated the role of the mother as a source of transmission of antifungal-resistant yeasts to the child.

Original language	English
Article number	1449
Pages (from-to)	1-13
Number of pages	13
Journal	International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Volume	24
Issue number	2
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24021449
Publication status	Published - 2 Jan 2023

Bibliographical note

This article belongs to the Special Issue Candidaemia.

Published online: 11 January 2023.

Publisher Copyright:
© 2023 by the authors.

Funding

This research was funded by BIOCODEX (Biocodex National Call 2021–Portugal), by a Research Grant 2021 from the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMIDs) to M.J.A., and by national funds through Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia/Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior (FCT) within the scope of UIDB/04423/2020, UIDP/04423/2020 (Group of Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry-CIIMAR–E.P.). M.J.A.’s Ph.D. fellowship was supported by an FCT scholarship (SFRH/BD/144982/2019). R.A. was supported by Individual Call to Scientific Employment Stimulus—Second Edition (grant number CEECIND/01070/2018). J.C.’s post-doc research contract was funded by FEDER (Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional) funds through the COMPETE 2020—POCI (Operational Program for Competitiveness and Internationalization) Portugal 2020, and by Portuguese funds through FCT/MCTES in the framework of the project MicroMOB (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029777/PTDC/MEC-MCI/29777/2017). A.F.F.’s Ph.D. fellowship was supported by an FCT scholarship (SFRH/BD/138925/2018).

Funders	Funder number
Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia/Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior
Programa Operacional Temático Factores de Competitividade
European Regional Development Fund
European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia	CEECIND/01070/2018, UIDP/04423/2020, SFRH/BD/144982/2019, SFRH/BD/138925/2018
Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior	POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029777/PTDC/MEC-MCI/29777/2017

Keywords

antifungal susceptibility
mother–child fungal transmission
opportunistic/pathogenic fungi

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

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10.3390/ijms24021449

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Azevedo, M. J., Araujo, R., Campos, J., Campos, C., Ferreira, A. F., Falcão-Pires, I., Ramalho, C., Zaura, E., Pinto, E., & Sampaio-Maia, B. (2023). Vertical Transmission and Antifungal Susceptibility Profile of Yeast Isolates from the Oral Cavity, Gut, and Breastmilk of Mother–Child Pairs in Early Life. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(2), 1-13. Article 1449. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24021449

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title = "Vertical Transmission and Antifungal Susceptibility Profile of Yeast Isolates from the Oral Cavity, Gut, and Breastmilk of Mother–Child Pairs in Early Life",

abstract = "Yeast acquisition begins at birth; however, the contribution of the mother on yeast transmission to the offspring and associated resistance is yet to be clarified. The aim of this study was to explore the vertical transmission of yeasts and their antifungal susceptibility profile in early life. Oral, fecal, and breastmilk samples were collected from 73 mother–child pairs four to twelve weeks after delivery and cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar with chloramphenicol. The isolates were identified by MALDI-TOF MS. The vertical transmission was studied by microsatellite genotyping. Antifungal susceptibility was determined for fluconazole, voriconazole, miconazole, anidulafungin, and nystatin by broth microdilution assay, following CLSI–M60 guidelines. A total of 129 isolates were identified from 53\% mother–child pairs. We verified the vertical transmission of Candida albicans (n = three mother–child pairs) and Candida parapsilosis (n = one mother–child pair) strains, including an antifungal resistant strain transmitted from breastmilk to the gut of a child. Most isolates were susceptible to the tested antifungals, with the exception of four C. albicans isolates and one R. mucilaginosa isolate. The vertical transmission of yeasts happens in early life. This is the first work that demonstrated the role of the mother as a source of transmission of antifungal-resistant yeasts to the child.",

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Azevedo, MJ, Araujo, R, Campos, J, Campos, C, Ferreira, AF, Falcão-Pires, I, Ramalho, C, Zaura, E, Pinto, E & Sampaio-Maia, B 2023, 'Vertical Transmission and Antifungal Susceptibility Profile of Yeast Isolates from the Oral Cavity, Gut, and Breastmilk of Mother–Child Pairs in Early Life', International Journal of Molecular Sciences, vol. 24, no. 2, 1449, pp. 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24021449

Vertical Transmission and Antifungal Susceptibility Profile of Yeast Isolates from the Oral Cavity, Gut, and Breastmilk of Mother–Child Pairs in Early Life. / Azevedo, Maria João; Araujo, Ricardo; Campos, Joana et al.
In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol. 24, No. 2, 1449, 02.01.2023, p. 1-13.

Research output: Contribution to Journal › Article › Academic › peer-review

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T1 - Vertical Transmission and Antifungal Susceptibility Profile of Yeast Isolates from the Oral Cavity, Gut, and Breastmilk of Mother–Child Pairs in Early Life

AU - Azevedo, Maria João

AU - Araujo, Ricardo

AU - Campos, Joana

AU - Campos, Carla

AU - Ferreira, Ana Filipa

AU - Falcão-Pires, Inês

AU - Ramalho, Carla

AU - Zaura, Egija

AU - Pinto, Eugénia

AU - Sampaio-Maia, Benedita

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KW - antifungal susceptibility

KW - mother–child fungal transmission

KW - opportunistic/pathogenic fungi

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Vertical Transmission and Antifungal Susceptibility Profile of Yeast Isolates from the Oral Cavity, Gut, and Breastmilk of Mother–Child Pairs in Early Life

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Funding

Keywords

UN SDGs

Access to Document

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