Abstract
Terrestrial and lunar rocks share chemical and isotopic similarities in refractory elements, suggestive of a common precursor. By contrast, the marked depletion of volatile elements in lunar rocks together with their enrichment in heavy isotopes compared with Earth's mantle suggests that the Moon underwent evaporative loss of volatiles. However, whether equilibrium prevailed during evaporation and, if so, at what conditions (temperature, pressure, and oxygen fugacity) remain unconstrained. Chromium may shed light on this question, as it has several thermodynamically stable, oxidized gas species that can distinguish between kinetic and equilibrium regimes. Here, we present high-precision Cr isotope measurements in terrestrial and lunar rocks that reveal an enrichment in the lighter isotopes of Cr in the Moon compared with Earth's mantle by 100 ± 40 ppm per atomic mass unit. This observation is consistent with Cr partitioning into an oxygen-rich vapor phase in equilibrium with the proto-Moon, thereby stabilizing the CrO2 species that is isotopically heavy compared with CrO in a lunar melt. Temperatures of 1,600-1,800 K and oxygen fugacities near the fayalite-magnetite-quartz buffer are required to explain the elemental and isotopic difference of Cr between Earth's mantle and the Moon. These temperatures are far lower than modeled in the aftermath of a giant impact, implying that volatile loss did not occur contemporaneously with impact but following cooling and accretion of the Moon.
Original language | English |
---|---|
Pages (from-to) | 10920-10925 |
Number of pages | 6 |
Journal | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
Volume | 115 |
Issue number | 43 |
Early online date | 8 Oct 2018 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - 23 Oct 2018 |
Funding
through a chaire d’excellence Sorbonne Paris Cité. Parts of the analytical facilities were supported by Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris multidisciplinary program PARI and by Paris-Île-de-France region Soutien aux Équi-pes Scientifiques pour l’Acquisition de Moyens Expérimentaux Grant 12015908. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. We thank Justin Simon, an anonymous reviewer, and the editor for their careful and thorough input that vastly improved the end product. We thank the Curation and Analysis Planning Team for Extraterrestrial Materials for provision of lunar samples. P.A.S. thanks Hugh O’Neill, Bruce Fegley, Marc Norman, and Ryuki Hyodo for discussions. P.A.S. and F.M. were supported by the European Research Council (ERC) under the H2020 framework program/ERC Grant agreement 637503 (Pristine); as well as Uni-vEarthS Labex program at Sorbonne Paris Cité Grants ANR-10-LABX-0023 and ANR-11-IDEX-0005-02; and the Agence Nationale de la Recherche
Funders | Funder number |
---|---|
H2020 framework program/ERC | ANR-10-LABX-0023, ANR-11-IDEX-0005-02 |
Paris-Île-de-France region Soutien aux Équi-pes Scientifiques pour l’Acquisition de Moyens Expérimentaux | 12015908 |
Horizon 2020 Framework Programme | 637503 |
European Research Council | |
Agence Nationale de la Recherche | |
Institut de physique du globe de Paris |
Keywords
- Chromium
- Equilibrium
- Evaporation
- Low temperature
- Moon