%PDF-1.4
%
1 0 obj
<<
/Metadata 2 0 R
/PageLabels 3 0 R
/Pages 4 0 R
/Type /Catalog
>>
endobj
5 0 obj
<<
/Author (Florian V. Eppink 1)
/CreationDate (D:20140627163633+08'00')
/Creator (PScript5.dll Version 5.2.2)
/Keywords (economic valuation; ecosystem services; mangroves; wetlands; value transfer)
/ModDate (D:20140627163716+08'00')
/Producer (Acrobat Distiller 9.0.0 \(Windows\))
/Subject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
/Title (An Initial Assessment of the Economic Value of Coastal and Freshwater Wetlands in West Asia)
>>
endobj
2 0 obj
<<
/Length 5749
/Subtype /XML
/Type /Metadata
>>
stream
application/pdf
Florian V. Eppink 1
2
*
Luke M. Brander 3
4
Alfred J. Wagtendonk 3
An Initial Assessment of the Economic Value of Coastal and Freshwater Wetlands in West Asia
Many countries in West Asia, defined in this study as the Arabic-speaking countries of the Arabian Peninsula plus Turkey and Iran, have enacted environmental conservation laws but regional underlying drivers of environment change, such as rising incomes and fast-growing populations, continue to put pressure on remaining wetlands. This paper aims to inform conservation efforts by presenting the first regional assessment of the economic value of coastal and freshwater wetlands in West Asia. Using scenario analysis we find that, dependent on the discount rate used, the present value of the regional economic loss of not protecting wetlands by 2050 is between US dollar 2.3 billion and
US dollar 7.2 billion (expressed in 2007 US dollars). The method used for this assessment, however, is not suitable for expressing national realities adequately. We therefore suggest that detailed localized studies are conducted to improve insight into the drivers and
the social and economic effects of wetland loss in West Asia.
economic valuation
ecosystem services
mangroves
wetlands
value transfer
2014-06-27T16:36:33+08:00
PScript5.dll Version 5.2.2
2014-06-27T16:37:16+08:00
2014-06-27T16:37:16+08:00
Acrobat Distiller 9.0.0 (Windows)
economic valuation; ecosystem services; mangroves; wetlands; value transfer
uuid:66b94900-dc4a-4fea-aa1f-2d653ffa623b
uuid:d97a796b-7eb0-47b5-8038-27b38d7ce3d5
False
endstream
endobj
3 0 obj
<<
/Nums [0 6 0 R]
>>
endobj
4 0 obj
<<
/Count 18
/Kids [7 0 R 8 0 R]
/Type /Pages
>>
endobj
6 0 obj
<<
/S /D
>>
endobj
7 0 obj
<<
/Count 11
/Kids [9 0 R 10 0 R 11 0 R 12 0 R 13 0 R 14 0 R 15 0 R 16 0 R 17 0 R 18 0 R
19 0 R]
/Parent 4 0 R
/Type /Pages
>>
endobj
8 0 obj
<<
/Count 7
/Kids [20 0 R 21 0 R 22 0 R 23 0 R 24 0 R 25 0 R 26 0 R]
/Parent 4 0 R
/Type /Pages
>>
endobj
9 0 obj
<<
/Contents 27 0 R
/Type /Page
/Resources <<
/Font <<
/F1 28 0 R
/F2 29 0 R
/F3 30 0 R
/F4 31 0 R
/F5 32 0 R
>>
/XObject <<
/Xf1 33 0 R
>>
>>
/Annots [34 0 R 35 0 R 36 0 R]
/Parent 7 0 R
/MediaBox [0 0 595 842]
>>
endobj
10 0 obj
<<
/Contents 37 0 R
/CropBox [0 0 595.22 842]
/MediaBox [0 0 595.22 842]
/Parent 7 0 R
/Resources 38 0 R
/Rotate 0
/Type /Page
>>
endobj
11 0 obj
<<
/Contents 39 0 R
/CropBox [0 0 595.22 842]
/MediaBox [0 0 595.22 842]
/Parent 7 0 R
/Resources 40 0 R
/Rotate 0
/Type /Page
>>
endobj
12 0 obj
<<
/Contents 41 0 R
/CropBox [0 0 595.22 842]
/MediaBox [0 0 595.22 842]
/Parent 7 0 R
/Resources 42 0 R
/Rotate 0
/Type /Page
>>
endobj
13 0 obj
<<
/Contents 43 0 R
/CropBox [0 0 595.22 842]
/MediaBox [0 0 595.22 842]
/Parent 7 0 R
/Resources 44 0 R
/Rotate 0
/Type /Page
>>
endobj
14 0 obj
<<
/Contents 45 0 R
/CropBox [0 0 595.22 842]
/MediaBox [0 0 595.22 842]
/Parent 7 0 R
/Resources 46 0 R
/Rotate 0
/Type /Page
>>
endobj
15 0 obj
<<
/Contents 47 0 R
/CropBox [0 0 595.22 842]
/MediaBox [0 0 595.22 842]
/Parent 7 0 R
/Resources 48 0 R
/Rotate 0
/Type /Page
>>
endobj
16 0 obj
<<
/Contents 49 0 R
/CropBox [0 0 595.22 842]
/MediaBox [0 0 595.22 842]
/Parent 7 0 R
/Resources 50 0 R
/Rotate 0
/Type /Page
>>
endobj
17 0 obj
<<
/Contents 51 0 R
/CropBox [0 0 595.22 842]
/MediaBox [0 0 595.22 842]
/Parent 7 0 R
/Resources 52 0 R
/Rotate 0
/Type /Page
>>
endobj
18 0 obj
<<
/Contents 53 0 R
/CropBox [0 0 595.22 842]
/MediaBox [0 0 595.22 842]
/Parent 7 0 R
/Resources 54 0 R
/Rotate 0
/Type /Page
>>
endobj
19 0 obj
<<
/Contents 55 0 R
/CropBox [0 0 595.22 842]
/MediaBox [0 0 595.22 842]
/Parent 7 0 R
/Resources 56 0 R
/Rotate 0
/Type /Page
>>
endobj
20 0 obj
<<
/Contents 57 0 R
/CropBox [0 0 595.22 842]
/MediaBox [0 0 595.22 842]
/Parent 8 0 R
/Resources 58 0 R
/Rotate 0
/Type /Page
>>
endobj
21 0 obj
<<
/Contents 59 0 R
/CropBox [0 0 595.22 842]
/MediaBox [0 0 595.22 842]
/Parent 8 0 R
/Resources 60 0 R
/Rotate 0
/Type /Page
>>
endobj
22 0 obj
<<
/Contents 61 0 R
/CropBox [0 0 595.22 842]
/MediaBox [0 0 595.22 842]
/Parent 8 0 R
/Resources 62 0 R
/Rotate 0
/Type /Page
>>
endobj
23 0 obj
<<
/Contents 63 0 R
/CropBox [0 0 595.22 842]
/MediaBox [0 0 595.22 842]
/Parent 8 0 R
/Resources 64 0 R
/Rotate 0
/Type /Page
>>
endobj
24 0 obj
<<
/Contents 65 0 R
/CropBox [0 0 595.22 842]
/MediaBox [0 0 595.22 842]
/Parent 8 0 R
/Resources 66 0 R
/Rotate 0
/Type /Page
>>
endobj
25 0 obj
<<
/Contents 67 0 R
/CropBox [0 0 595.22 842]
/MediaBox [0 0 595.22 842]
/Parent 8 0 R
/Resources 68 0 R
/Rotate 0
/Type /Page
>>
endobj
26 0 obj
<<
/Contents 69 0 R
/CropBox [0 0 595.22 842]
/MediaBox [0 0 595.22 842]
/Parent 8 0 R
/Resources 70 0 R
/Rotate 0
/Type /Page
>>
endobj
27 0 obj
<<
/Length 1239
/Filter /FlateDecode
>>
stream
xWrFUR&_O
ݰe'kcܲŋ,
0k!aI@
]WͭOw5WPA+.6`Ы*/5|}5FxtUkMRkFy|4>Q?gQ4sjQM$$H A @0ԅ [uC'NYDIH[#Έ}S+8:+ojE*4|P/`_q:v ;r:Sz@jxA=ou-3@FTLNSTTθ1az#)>^FLUd]Qj,+u9L&/t<6$iXΣay{]YǏCx m
eesyk: |t&), *A {w"Jzy5 ,~Yj:2Zrpz!ñ.[@W8(rZ8YEVOJD
XkEZFGjJӳ|E!]/@S@,'i:-ui,IԓZg8G8;g8{|&RRϏGǰQiijb6cZmnI16A,ac& 3SlB$[~
#-
.~{"7
l:w!Cpkazsp nܣw%OKMYiqXq\-!?*M-GP|{c<51b",Vİz|?y\y=G%+ym;γOXY9!lw&g˵53}("!6*uSK5oK (`Fqe +
2p^x}ZCԍ]q q?p
ħdC$Cc8WaU\M`*
7ԣ<8ԏR_qd"g0z\bd\?"CTm[oT!m77H+U6k9(o/HXG?t<б[ns"`m_p
endstream
endobj
28 0 obj
<<
/Subtype /Type1
/Type /Font
/BaseFont /Helvetica-Bold
/Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding
>>
endobj
29 0 obj
<<
/Subtype /Type1
/Type /Font
/BaseFont /Helvetica
/Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding
>>
endobj
30 0 obj
<<
/Subtype /Type1
/Type /Font
/BaseFont /Helvetica-BoldOblique
/Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding
>>
endobj
31 0 obj
<<
/Subtype /Type1
/Type /Font
/BaseFont /Helvetica-Oblique
/Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding
>>
endobj
32 0 obj
<<
/Subtype /Type0
/Type /Font
/BaseFont /CCDPIZ+LiberationSans
/Encoding /Identity-H
/DescendantFonts [71 0 R]
/ToUnicode 72 0 R
>>
endobj
33 0 obj
<<
/Length 112
/Subtype /Form
/Filter /FlateDecode
/Type /XObject
/Matrix [1 0 0 1 0 0]
/FormType 1
/Resources <<
/ColorSpace <<
/CS0 [/Indexed /DeviceRGB 0 73 0 R]
>>
/ExtGState <<
/GS0 74 0 R
>>
/ProcSet [/PDF /ImageC /ImageI]
/XObject <<
/Im0 75 0 R
>>
/Properties <<
/MC0 76 0 R
>>
>>
/BBox [0 0 612 792]
>>
stream
HA
@C9cΔBD